Contrasting Locards Exchange Principle and Carbon Foot Printing . Whatta Relationship

Every contact you make with another person ,place , or object results in an exchange of physical material. If you own a pet this exchange of material is well known to you(Lyle ,2012)  Known as he Locard Exchange Principle after Edmond Locard the French police officer who first noticed it ; the exchange of materials is the basis of modern forensics investigations . Using the principle forensic scientists can determine where a suspect has been by analyzing trace evidence (Any Small ) pieces of evidence  such as fibers on clothing , hair in cars , or that gunk on the bottom of a shoe can be evaluated and analyzed  as well as used as corroborative evidence to seek an indictment of a suspected criminal . The premise here is the method and the principle as overarching process in scientific application ; how ever what would happen if we applied the same principle to  the carbon foot print principle ? . Can we make the contrast between the two principles in using trace evidence in carbon foot print to indict environmental criminals ? The proposal is not to far fetched . Infact forensic anthropologist use relevant concepts when engaged in field study . One of the discoveries made in Isreal were that solid fuel were used to prepare meals during the BC years ;these are years before crist . Why is this relevant to the topic under study ? because they also noticed environmental changes in the region  under there study to manifest climate changes similar to the climate changes seen today. When we appraise the two principles ; Carbon Foot Print and Locard Exchange Principle these demonstrate similar approaches in seeking out evidence which will allow a just accountability I human behavior . What are the implications of these principles to public health ? Well the implications vary ; but one of the most important tools used in public health are public health law which allows for the application of both principles when environmental protection is concerned . The interesting premise are that of using Locards Exchange Principle in public health research ; particularly if this research is placed within a public health law design . Carbon foot printing needs to be a part of all human activity and should be taught in elementary schools beginning in the fifth grade when children begin developing moral and ethical values ; Erickson called this developmental stage Industrial stage . This application will teach children about accountability for there behavior  within there environment and accountability in other environments . What say you ?

References
Lyle, D.P (2012) Forensics for Dummies . Wiley Publishing USA                        

Regaining Sanity Post Assault . What does SANE have to do with it.

The most common subspicies of the Nurse Examiner is the Forensic Nurse  or SANE , and yet another spiecies is the Hospice Care Examiner, while the Forensics Nurse duties are different and distinct than that of the Hospice Care Nurse each serve a specific service in allied health. The approach to sexual assault exam vary greatly and depends on where the assault has taken place ; the methods may also vary from state to state and jurisdictional differences in prosicutorial procedures also vary when the Forensic Nurse Examiners investigation has yielded results that merit prosecution in Rape and Sexual Assault (Stevens ,2004) .  SART locations are  important in and several are found in diverse jurisdictions , counties , states . SART locations are intricate to the Forensic Nurse because these are the clinical settings utilized to examine victims and servivors of sexual assault . Newer programs have chosen to use a more generic term for the  clinical setting ; these would be the acronym SAFE which house the Nurse Examiner or (FNE) . Many FNE or SANE may begin there specialty in Emergency Rooms where they gain experience in assisting to care for and collect specimens relevent to assault cases. The SANE is ot a patient advocate ; and the intricate work include data collection ,  specimen collection, hair and fiber collection and any other relevant physical evidence related to the assault . The FNE also serve as witness in prosicutorial procedures and must there for poses knowledge of criminal law . The SANE Nurse dedicate ample time in which lead to the  carrying out  these duties ; with the minimum being six hours of assessment and treatment ; post assault  which lead to the discovery of the wrath of the event ; these specialized nurses do not mind being challenged by defense attorneys in court room trials and more than 80 % of victims who recieve a proper SANE exam have a successful prosecution of the rapist .  One of the most important tasks that the FNE has is to safe guard victims identity , adhere to HIPPA rules in documenting  and in documetation must be of the highest quality wich provides Assurance in Evidence Based Public Health .

References
Stevens , S (2004) Forensic Nurse . The New Role of the Nurse in Law Enforcement . Saint Martin Press . New York              

Social and Behavioral Research using PHenostyles in Population health and Assessment

Since subjects for new social research projects often grow from earlier efforts to study methods of social research these have also evolved ; however when faced with the challenges of cementing credibility it accompanies said social projects in stages . One of the reasons for this is lack of modernized social health models , frameworks , and theories (Baker,2012) . The discrepancy between applicable models that align to modern social ills can be attributed directly to the integration of post positivistic theorem and logic ;rather than neopositivistic theorem and logic . Today social researchers carry out projects that are supported by diverse disciplines such as  genetics , Gene editing in tailored health  biotechnology , and innovation in steam education .  We can no longer base public health on existent determinants of health , HBM or Skinners condualist theory . This also becomes an issue for the social scientists when observational work are being perused and performed that include the observation of behavior ethnographically , when observing tendencies and trends . Validity of new models that are introduced into practice and academia are time consuming and quite lengthy in implementation ; these new models such as The New PHenostyles framework in community assessment deserve to go into trials ; validated and used in behavioral and social research . The PHenostyles Assessment tool is an excellent way of collecting data related to life styles that can be transferred into  practice to evaluate phenotipical development and gene editing (Cruz 2017).   This is an excellent way of implementing preventative care in public health ; it is cost effective and lowers the burden of disease in such complex topics as environmental exposure , pollution   exposure , climate change and adaptation and its affects on health over time .  

References 
Baker , t.l(1998) Doing Social Research 3rd ed . McGraw Hill Publishing

Cruz ,L (2015) PHenostyles Assessment in Public Health. 

Using Toxicology to Evaluate Topography with Quick Test .

Biological strains found at a crime scene are basically intended for DNA identification and to perform toxicological testing ; how ever these processes can also provide additional information to the practitioner . Foe example , toxicology testing of urine samples can also be used to differentiate recent pathological strains from older strains , they can also be used to analyze variations in  environmental issues , and can also serve to detect  variations in drug additives (Castello , Navarro, Banon & Verdu ; 2008) . The examination of urine samples in criminalistics is mainly reserved for identification purposes   ; using DNA analysis how ever; in other situations in legal conflict can be used to establish other circumstances that may have occured . One of which are the possible use of toxic material to force the victims of some crimes to yield .

Cases for Evaluation
1- Mistreatment of children and the Elderly
the analysis of urine examines strains that may be found in victims personal items;  and can be utilized to provide  answers with regard to exposure .
2-DFSA or drug fascilitated sexual assault .
traces of drug administered to weaken victims resistance can be detected using urine samples .
3- Missing persons cases
in the case of missing persons urine samples can serve to examine the unfolding of events and their timelines .

As a result , we assert from the above examples in toxicology use;  urine samples which were once  viewed as insignificant and or weak evidence were criminal cases are concerened have now become an aquishable form of sustaining  evidence . Most recently Quick Kit/see TM Multidrug screen panal from bio rad ;introduced into the market serve to provide qualitative immuno essay test for detecting for phenocyclodine , barbiturates , amphetamines and benzodyzapines ; as well as tricyciclic antidepressants  and morphine in urine .
Samples yield traces measured in nanograms which are countermeasured by time line to exposure and which are usually standardized as 7-15 days presence in urine have now been increased to finely detect traces witha time line of 30 days .

Implications for Public Health    
The implications to public health practice include point source evaluation confirmation in demographics and topographics , syndromic surveillance that maylead to sentinal surveillance and due diligence , and comparison and contracting research in public health and epidemiology that conciderse environmental variences .

References
Castello , A ; Navarro, E ; Banon, R & Verdu, F (2008) A Crossroad between Criminalistics and Forensics Toxicology . Internet Scientific Publications .      

DNA damage caused by chemotherapeutic regimens .Whats the differnce in damage caused by mutations ?

An international team led by scientists ar the National Institute of Health is the first to discover a new way that cells form important and dangerous types of DNA damage known as a DNA protein cross link (DPC) . Proteins classified as ZATT has the ability of eliminating DPCs with the help of other proteins (NIH,2017). Since DPCs form when undergoing cancer treatment ; understanding how ZATT along with DPT other proteins work to repair damages caused to DNA structure during cancer treatment is essential in averting said damages . It is fair to note however ; that unlike damages caused to DNA structure by mutations that affect DNA structure  such as 1)duplication 2) nonscence 3) misense 4) insertion   5)framshift ; and 6) deletion ; with deletion being a particularly inciduous form of mutation , these damages are related to treatment process and not a pathological process.

How does it work ?
Researcher Shellenberg explains that often chemotherapeutic drugs  or environmental chemicals block the proteins that allow the structure to retie broken ends   and normalize its allels structure  ; this is largely due to TOP2 which conceals the cut ends within the core of the strand itself ; this is important in reperation because the TOP2 encircles the the DNA strand ; when normal joining of the damaged ends cannot be had permenant damage may occur which in the DNA core ; this in turn  changes the structure all together. This can also be seen as an internal microscopic  scar if you will;  related to chemo and other environmental hazards post  and intra treatment . For this reason This Researcher has stated in the past that securing patient treatment continuum during catastrophic events and natural disasters is so vital to disease prognosis and outcomes .

Implications for Public Health
Unstable TOP2-dpc Complex leads to accumulation of severed DNA that kills cells ;TOP2 remains stuck to the DNA strand hindering its ability to retie itself during chemotherapy and post treatment . The implication of treatment interference , environmental and chemical exposure either through the use of immunomodulators or environmental  hazards must be controlled and monitored when treating a patient with cancer because of the economic burden to the patients ; his or her life expectancy and expectations in remission of pathology , currently a four once of gamma globulin an important derivative of restructuring cells that are transfused to cancer patients can cost up to 60,000 dollars for four ounces; not to mention immunomodulating drugs ; hospital room costs and in many instances job loss and economic bancrupsy from disease diagnosis . Public health  research professionals work in conjunction to Medical researchers to fill in research related knowledge gaps that lead to better treatment outcomes and quality of life

References
NIH (2017) DNA  damage caused by cancer treatment reversed by ZATT protein . National Institute of Health Retrieved from http://www.nih.gov/nes-events/news-release/dna-damage-caused-cancer-treatment-revered-zatt-protein.        

FHWA Strategic Goal Implementation Areas for Improvemnt to Provide Quality Research :Providing Next Steps Interventions

Strategic Highway Research related to crash causation and which were recently emitted by The National Academies Press state various efforts made to improve the understanding of highway crashes ans the factors that appear to cause them(NAP,2017) . Crash causality has been analized by the ITS program through IVI , and the General Accounting Office as well as some DOTs and a pooled fund study being conducted by south eastern states .
      FHWA Strateic Focus Area II
1- Improve Knowledge of crash causation through collection and analysis of more acurate and complete safety data.
2-Achieve a significant reduction in the number and severity od single vehicle run -off the roads crashes .
3-Achieve a significant reduction in the number and severity of intersection rashes .

The analysis elements of FHWAs safety research program and The Highway Safety Information System performs studies based on data provided by eight state DOTs , NHTSA also performs crash analysis.  The agencies fatality analysis reporting system uses state DOT ,Police , and other data to study fatal crashes ; while the ITS National Automotive Sampling  System looks at various types of crashes using two systems ; 1) The General Estimates System which examines a nationally represented sample of crashes using information from Police reports ; and 2) The Crash worthiness Data System which performs detailed analysis of 5,000 crashes a year supplimenting police reports

When evaluating behavior related to vehicle crash causality we evaluated road rage using reactive and proactive aggression which I detail in previous blogger post. Proactively aggressive conduct includes bullying while Reactive aggression includes poor impulse control ,  toxic emotional responses and outbursts . In evaluating the strategic areas for improvement to determine crash causality it is my contention as a public health professional and as an allied health care provider and researcher that these strategies although very good ; the approach should be in completing the crash worthiness data system and the general estimates system examination with performing a discouse analysis of fatal crash police reports; to analyze emergent trends , patterns and behavior. This analysis will identify emergent aggression often found in road rage behavior and fatal crash causality.



References

NAP(2017) Strategic  Highway Research .Saving Lives ,Reducing Congestion ,Improving Quality of Life . Committee for a Study for a Future .Strategic Highway Research Program .Transportation Research Board.National Academies Press .

Rain, A (2013) The Anatomy of Violence .The Biological Roots of Crime .   

Continuity of Care during a Natural Disaster . Publc Health Perspective

Ilicit drug abuse  is a growing public health concern ; nearly 2.4 million people in the United States have a SUD or Substance Abuse Disorder (SAMSA,2015) related to prescription opioid prescription drug misuse . Approximately half a million people  are currently addicted to Heroin , Methamphetamine use is also on the rise as well as other drugs whose base are constructed from anasthetics such as Fentanyl and cocain. Data on privately insured individuals aged 18 to 64 from the yar 2010 to 2014 from Truven Health Analytics Market Scan Commercial Claims and Encounters data base shows that 40 % of patients did not recieve any follow up services within 30 days following an opioid related hospitalization. The mechanisms by which this type of addiction occures is termed cross addiction which happens insiduously while the patient is recieving pharmacotherapeutics for pain management in the treatment of chronic conditions such as arthritis , rheumatoid arthritis , psychosocial conditions and post injury from sports injuries; and near fatal automobile accidents (CDC.gov,2016). Although this is a crisis that currently threatens populations , and I say populations because at it stands if we gatherd all of the people addicted to illicit drugs in the U.S they would be enough to fill two states ; whose sole population would be constructed of addicts ; what of the persons currently undergoing treatment and rehabilitation for addiction when faced with a natural disaster . How does this affect there treatment and there ability to comply with the thereapeutic regimen? . Are they face with a new crisis such as patients recieving cancer treatment who also are submerged in a  crisis due to natural disaster. What of there ability to complete a therapeutic regiomen? Not to mention the thousands of patients who rely on such life saving medication such as insulin ; where these are costly and merit strict refrigeration ; which in turn are supplied through electrical power. There are currently over 36 million diabetics in the United States which lead Public Health to question  the effectivness of Public Health Processes Procedures and Sustainablity .  The National Cancer Institute currently provides program implementation and strategics for the continuation of cancer care and pharmacotherapeutics during a natural disaster ; and it is my belief that many of these strategies can alsobe implemented to vulnerable populations such as addicts and diabetic populations to off set he burdo of secndary disease attainmentstemming from a natural disaster and to provide effective care even under the most dire circumstances; especially for populations in rural communities because of the added nature of said distance , topography,   geography , and lack of resources.


References 

CDC(2017) Opioid Addiction . retrieved from http.www.cdc.gov

SAMSHA(2016) The CBHSQ Report .Retrieved from http.www.samsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_2117 shortRpor-2117.pf                                       

Alternative Methods in Public Health Delivery / Counter Measures

As  government institutions become more and more concerned with health problems ; the need for reliable prevalence and incidence data is increasing (Friis & Sellers, 2014) however; to estimate accurately the number of individuals having a given disease is not easy The number of subjects already diagnosed is useful to measure the impact of health services The epidemiologist also tries to detect new cases , so far diagnosed . In both situations the classical epidemiological approach using random population sampling is extreamly expensive alternative methods to estimate the number of subjects with a defined health problem corrective for deficiencies in assesstment have been proposed. Epidemiological Exposure Analysis include estimation of demographics and population characteristics just to name a particular method to determine prevalence or risk analysis in epidemiology that are useful in alternative more expensive methods of collecting data to estimate prevalence and or incidence rates . These are useful for example in determining par levels needs in for example antidotes to specific toxins . There are many uses in alternative data collection methods and we can certainly see there applicability in settings that may not have been thought of at first glance .
So what is antidote ? . An antidote is a medicine taken to counteract a toxin . What are par levels ? . Par levels is a system used in Inventory to estimate needs and other characteristics of said inventory . Applying alternate prevalence data and incidence are always the preferred epidemiological mathematical application in population health , how ever we can appreciate more complex epidemiological application to practice , and their usability.               

References
Friis ,R & Sellers , T (2014) Epidemiology for Public Health Practice . Bartlett Jones Publishing USA           

Psychosocial Implications in Natural Disaster :Using SWOT in Public Health Assessments

SWOT Analysis can be carried out for Companies , Products , Industries ,or persons within a Community (Community Tool Kit,2017). The process involves specifying the objectives of the business venture and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve the objectives . When the process is applied to the above mentioned subjects however ; the topic takes on a new meaning . While meant to be applied to community settings that are the victims of a natural disaster , this raises the the following three questions ; (1) can SWOT be applied to communities in disaster relief ; (2) will its application yield aquishable results , and (3) does the SWOT process change as a result of subject mater being analyzed ?.
SWOT are the analysis of community strengths, weaknesses , threats , and opportunities as dictated by its acronyms . The following results were noted when applying the process to community in crisis due to natural disaster.

SWOT Analysis
Strengths  - survival of the family unit , supportive employer , family unit emergency preparedness, technological device and battery back up system , psychotropic medication on hand , chronic disease medication supply, personal documentation and files back up system in place . Evacuation plan and family meeting site .

Weaknesses- no plan established , lost family members ,poor communication methods , no personal documentation on hand, poor skin integrity protection fro the elements , low battery and no emergency flairs , no portable supplies and or food items . Low medication supply and no home and automoble insurance .

Threats - inconsistante information that cause confusion , looting and theft of community assets, disease onset such as anxiety and depression , shock , poor coping skills and ill physical health , lack of systematic plans and lack of resources .

Opportunities- attainment of new coping skills , development of community based disaster planing,creation of innovative rescue procedures, surge capacity comparison by region , multicultural strengthening , ethnographic public health interventions .

Results
While the three questions posed by the application of SWOT to community  yielded some differences in  results as it pertains to the subject matter undr evaluatin ; the process of ts application were succinct and yieilded expeditious results of analysis that are suitable in emergency situations . The application process did not differ from that of its application with diverse subject matter.

Reerences
Community Tool Box (2017) SWOT Analysis . Retrieved fromhttp:/www ctb.kw.edu/en/table=of-content/assessment.       
         

Public Health Workforce . In he Face of the Crisis.

The United States is the only profit driven health care system in the world (Bramming,2016) . and perhaps it is no coincidence that the country also has the most expensive health care per capita a total of 10,000 dollars per patient . This accounted for 17.8 % of the countries GDP . And according to the Centers for Medicare an Medicare (CMS) these estimates will rise b the year 2025 to become 20.1% of the countries GDP or Gross Domestic Product(AH &DB,2017).  What does this mean for Public Health ?. An effective public health system that can assure the Nations health requires the collaborative efforts of a complex network of people and organizations in the public health agencies ; at the National , State and Local level(NAP,1988) . Alarms signaling an impending public health work force shortage are growing more urgent . New Findings show that the U.S shortage will grow increasingly worse over the next few years and as it stands we have available to service a population of  over 270,000 people mearly 250 public health workers (NAP,2015) . Very few American are aware that this crisis even exists .At a public health work force briefing on Capital Hill in late Februery 2016 ; the associated Schools of public health released a first of its kind assessment of the looming  public health work force shortage , which has been growing steadily worse since 1980 . According to the report at least 28 percent of the current public health work force nearly 110,000 workers will be eligible to retire during the next presidential term ,  the very term we find ourselves in at present . An additional 250,000 public health workers are needed to dodge a work force shortage that would leave the Nation vulnerable to a range of pending threats , including infectious disease , pandemics , bioterrorism and natural disasters (Harrison,2016) .  Globally the picture is bleeker ; according to a 2006 WHO report ; at least 57 countries most of them in Sub Saharan Africa , Bangladesh , India , Indonesia and now Venezuela face crippling public health workforce shortages .

References

Bramming, G (2016) Health Care Spending :Plenty of Blame to go Around. American Health and Drug Benefit vol9 no8 .

Harrison, S (2016) Confronting the Public Health Workforce Crisis

NAP (1988) The Future of Public Health .Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health . Division of public Health Services. Institute of Medicine    .          

Perceptions of Bullying Behavior . How Interesting.

Before the mid nineteenth century formal schooling was mainly a luxury for the rich (Derber & Magrass,2015) .  British private schools called public schools were an alternative to being home schooled y a governess. Schools were expected to breed decorum , manners, and refinement among gentlemen. Although students were required to study formal subjects such as latin , grammer , and mathematics ; these were  secondary in importance. In preparing students for the labor market schools typically teach that learning is work not fun and take pleasure out of learning . But how does this relate to bullying often seen in many schools across America . Recently an appraisal of perception with regard to exactly what causes a person to become a victim of bullying were discussed with interesting feedback obtained . It seems that in reciprocity of recommended changes of the learning environment made to parents of bullying victims yielded further bullying by other children within the school that the victims had switched to ; leading the parents and family members to believe that school officials or teachers were probably responsible for the incessent bullying. As perplexing as this may sound ; it was concretely believed by the parents and y other family members . For this reason assessing beliefs and perception of both teachers and parents as to the causes of bullying behavior is so very important ;it never occurred to the parents hat in changing schools the children would still be victims of bullying. he reason for this how ever is quite simple. Most children who are the victims of bullying behavior are bullied not because hey are defective in come way but because they are gifted in some unique way . Tis may include inelegance , potential , or physical attributes . This is most probably the reason as to why changing schools did not deture the bullying behavior . You cannot change your childrens attributes you see only strengthen them . Physical bullying is obviously in the toolbox of most boy bullies ; but Klein tells us girls bullies also use physical violence. Girls usually express their bullying behavior through ostracism , ridicule ,rumor spreading, text message and posted messages on the web(CDC.gov,2017). It is thought that this type of bullying behavior expressed by girls leads to capitalism in fact . In a 2015 nationwide survey 20% of high school students reported being bullied on school property .An estimated 16% of high school students reported in the year 2016 that they were bullied electronically through out the 12 months prior to survey application . This extensive  bullying has its repercussions on the brains tissues because it leads to cyclothemia ; a form of sever depression though to reverse because of the psychological process hat caused the changes I brain structure.  Bullying is an extensive public health issue because of the effect it has on potential work force currently found in our schools , particularly when its effects are estimated to last up to 40 years . What say you ?

References

CDC(2017) Bullying Report . Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov

Derber, C & Magrass , Y.R (2015) Bully Nation . How The American Establishment Creates a Bullying Society .University of Kansas
                                  

Applied Psychology in Traffic :Whats it all about ?

Traffic psychology may be thought of as a subdivision of applied psychology .It is concerned with the scientific study of psychological problems arising from conditions of motor , rail , and travel or aviation psychology (driving behavior) ; which is the primary concern of traffic   psychology ,psychomotor skills can be evaluated using the principles of traffic psychology to examine driver conduct and motorist behavior .In doing so one could examine driver conduct and motorist behavior(CD.gov,2017). Distracted driving is driving while engaging in another activity that distracts your attention from the task of good driving ; this increases your risk of motor vehicle accidents .Approximately 9 people are killed and more than 1,000 are injured every day in crashes that are reported to involve  a distracted driver. .The behavior of pedestrians and others has recieved less attention ;it is concidered as a roadways , driver , and comprehensive man machine system (MMS) consisting of street  , roadways ,driver, and vehicle . The questions that can be answered from  applying the principles of traffic psychology are can the researcher evaluate conditions that result from reactive and proactive aggression ? . A discription of driving behavior is meaningful only when it is judged in regard to the goals or aims of MMS  among which traffic safety and traffic flow are the main criteria ; both criteria have to be brought into an optimal recipricale relation . Any other criteria must be appraised at arms length because of human error ,bias and other factors or co factors . his is a very interesting subject and one for development  .


References
CDC(2O17)Winnable Battles .Retrieved fro http//www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety.html              

Proactive and Reactive Aggressive Behavior : Brain Regions , Exposure or Heredity .

An important distinction between proactive and reactive aggression is the basic idea that proactive people use violence to get what they want out of life ; and example of this might be a child who bullies to get money games or candy (Raine, 2013). Proactive aggressive people plan ahead , they are regulated , controlled and driven y the reward that are either external and material or internal and psychological .  According to author Raine Pro actives are cold blooded and dispassionate ; conversely Reactive aggressive persons are more of blooded individuals in the face of proactive stimulus . The cerebral areas responsible for proactive aggression is the prefrontal lobe  specifically  the ventral lobe which is a sub region of the prefrontal lobe . The reactive aggressive person has very little stimulus in the ventral region ; in contrast the preditory personality has very little prefrontal regulation activation.

The Theory of Personality designed by the Psychoanalyst Sigmond Freud catagorizes the stages of human development as (1) oral phase (2) anal phase (3) phalic sage , and the latency stage . The limbic system is the site of the emotions and the ore primitive parts of our neural makeup ; while the hippocampus moderates and regulates aggression and when stimulated sets in motion preditory attack .Social factors interact with biological factors factors to increase a propensity for violence they also moderate the relationship.
So what significance or rather correlation does developing either a proactive aggressive or reactive aggressive personality have to the stages of Sigmond Feuds  theory ? When we analyze both in a gestaltic fashion . Lets view the following hypothesis : In general children learn much from the observation of modeled behavior .

Public Health Hypothesis using theory and clinical cephalic parenchyma regions . 
we might predict that there should be a greater  range of aggressive behavior among those children who watch the more aggressive programs, from exposure . Not necessarily. Why is this ? and what significance again does the stages of personality development have upon this premise; because as the author Raine accurately enunciates in her multiple studies , the childs brain completes its development by the age of six , this also correlates with the most significant concepts in Sigmond Freuds stages . The overarching rational is brain encoding by children ; where the child although cannot articulate by proxy learned behavior , this aggressive behavior whether proactive or reactive might be learned and encoded by such factors or exposure to factors in his or her immidiate environment by observing for example (1) care giver behavior (Parental behavior (3) characters in television ( 4) or even from others in their environment out side of the home setting . There for our hypothesis mentioned above would be either an alternate hypothesis ; but appears as a null one . The premisis stated in this minor analysis are both interesting and up for further study .  Questions related to genetic variations that influence personality development as well as environmental exposure merit evaluation

References
Raine, A(2013) The Anatomy of Violence : The Biological Roots of Crime. Pantheon Books New York
Jung,J (1982) The Experimentors Challenge : Methods and Issues in Psychological Research . California State University                       

                      

Economic Burden of Road Rage

The Centers for Disease Control has  reported more than 2.5 million drivers and passengers treated  in emergency departments as a result of injury sustained in motor vehicle accidents in the year 2012(CDC.gov,2017). This data which were derived from case counts tallied and presented as morbidity rates date back to 2012 , but when observing driver behavior we can assert that this data although very good data certainly can be updated merely because and if not only to really estimate what is observed on Americas roads ; driver behavior noted as (1) road rage , (2)  multiple car bullying is of great concern to public health as a whole and to clinicians who treat the injured . The economic impact is also notable ; in a one year period the cost of medical care and of productivity losses associated with injuries exceeded 80 million dollars.  Some of the causes related to increases in both  economic expenditures and in sustained injuries include  impaired driving and distracted driving . Distracted driving is driver conduct ; and behavior which may also be viewed as neglectful  . This behavior includes texting , and other conduct that distracts the driver . Impaired driving is related to driving under the influence of alcohol , illicit drugs , or opioids (CDC.gov,2017).  The number one state with the highest motor vehicle accident death rate were Texas with over 25,017, the second highest death rate from motor vehicle accidents are in California with 23,125, and the third highest death rate are in Florida  with 17862 .  he states with the least death rates from motor vehicle accidents are the district of Columbia and Wyoming. In other data related to the topic every day 28 people in the United States die in motor vehicle accidents this is one death every 51 minutes .The annual cost of alcohol related crashes total more than 44 billion dollars . Driver education that aids in avoiding vehicular accidents includes using your signal lights , never pass another driver on the right , yield the right of way and change lanes completely to pass a motorcycle or moped. Another  very well documented issue directly tied to motor vehicle accidents is addiction to opioids steaming from injuries sustained in motor vehicle accidents . This is called cross addiction and it occurs during pain management with opioids during pharmacotherepy /. It is also important to mention that the burden of disease and cost of opioid addiction is currently sky rocketing as well and estimated as being more than 90 million dollars a year .

References
CDC(2017)Motor Vehicle Accidents.  Centers for Disease Control . Winnable Battles                                         

Workplace Aggression and or Toxic Environments

Violence can occur in any workplace and among any type of worker ; but the risk for fatal violence is grater  in sales ,protective services and in transportation, while the risk of non fatal violence resulting in days away from work is greatest for healthcare and social assistance (CDC.gov) . According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics 409 workers in private industry and government were workplace homocide victims in he year 2014. 83% were males and 49% were females  32% worked in retail establishments. Total fatal injuries in 2014 were estimated to be 4,821 with 183 of these in the mining industry ,899 in construction , 349 in manufacturing , 1,246 in transportation and utilities , 766 in warehouses and 177 in financial institutions ; as well as 425 in professional and business services . Among some of the behaviors identified as precursors to violence in the workplace are (1) ambivalence (2) bullying and (3) stress and high workplace demands (NIOSH,2017) . Occupational aggression is the act or the threat of violence which may range from verbal to physical assaults directed towards personnel at work or on duty. One of the leading misconceptions about work place aggression is that the personnel that chose to leave this type of environment is the toxic carrier when in fact the toxic carrier rarely does so , this leads to high rates of turn over ; ineffective returns in training expenditures and loss of good personnel . Some of the terminology involved in identifying worker conduct are for example the steamroller, the sniper and or the compliant server who says yes to everything asked of him or her  while the steamroller is a worker who is extreamly aggressive and demanding and uses the threat of violence or other means to obtain what he or she desires . Another consequence related to toxic work environments are health related ; these often end up or can end in punitive damages ,PTSD , nevus breakdowns or depression . Assessments related to quality of service often serve to identify a toxic work environment , this is often very evident when the leader of the work team is the toxic carrier ; this has financial and long lasting implications ; such as for instance in temporary workers who withhold passwords bestowed to him or her  as part of his work duties and uses these to gain access and cause damage to work infrastructure activities . Another form of more subtle aggression are the passive aggressive individual who uses subtleties to exclude another worker from for instance meetings, emails ,  and other work activities that are carried out in a team fashion , always by accident of course. The best way to address these very important issues in public health are by being rigorous in productivity and performance evaluations , keeping close relationships with the workforce team and quickly addressing issues as they arise . An important factor when addressing these issues are that this type of aggression which begins in the work place can flow outside of the work place as well ; for this reason it is important to quickly identify work related problems and address these in a timely fashion .

References
CDC(2017) occupational Agression . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Retrieved from htp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/volence/factsheets.html                                     

Critical Issues in Public Health: Women who experience domestic violence , what are the numbers .

     Every 9 seconds a woman is physically assaulted in the United States . Yearly 4.8 million domestic violence incidents are reported to public health officials and 25% of our females population are currently victims of domestic violence (RN.org 2017). In addition each year  29 million men experience domestic violence  as well .In 2014 1,544 deaths were attributed  directly to domestic violence , of these numbers 75% of women and 25% of men were victims. In the year 1995 the financial burden of health care related costs of domestic violence was estimated at 5.8 billion dollars in 2005 that number was increased to 8.3 billion , and today the cost to health care is increasing ; this can also be attributed  to opioid abuse . These  numbers also reflect 25% of financial burden to lost revenue ; the reason for this is because about 25 to 30 percent of women who are victims of domestic violence work . One in every 8 pregnant women are also victims of domestic violence and in some states ; such as Louisianan were 1 in every 4 pregnant women are victims of domestic violence .  The HBM or health belief model is an excellent model that shows promising results in mitigating this public health issue because of its particular componants  . When applied to practice ; the practitioner can select specific applications from the model or follow the given sequence ; in addition it has also demonstrated results when applying its methodology to public health practice where program implementation and program evaluation are concerned. In addition to these ; this practitioner believes that when applied to the women in workforce setting it will demonstrate fine results in health prevention and promotion because the models application poses a goodness of fit that serve in practice application and prevention which results in cost effective public health .   

References

RN.org(2017) Domestic Violence .Retrieved from http://www.RN.org
Pearl ,R(2017) Domestic Violence :The Secret Killer that Costs 8.3 Billion Annually .Forbes Magazine.Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites 

The

Asthma Prevalence and Economic Impact

Asthma is a disease that affects the lungs and usually stems from three dinamics that are physical and environmental in nature . The first trigger that occures during an asthma attack is is an increase  in histamine . Histamine is an immune modulator that increases when the organ system in this case the resperatory system detects an antigen in the environment ; such as polen . The second is a physical response to histamine ; the resperatory system reacts bu producing mucus to capture environmental particles ; and the third dinamic is trachial lumen decrease from within and an increase in mucus occuring simultaniously that accounts for the distinctive wheezing sound in the chest (Parker, 2013).
Triggers that exscerbate an asthma attack include airbourn allergens , airway infections , airbourn irritants , and exercise . Populations most at risk are children , women , black and multirace Americans and American Indians .  The CDC  National Asthma  Control Program was commenced in 2011 to address growing cases of asthma which were estimated at 7.1 million with 3,404 visits to the emergency room that resulted in 21 million dollars in health care revenue (CDC.gov,2017) . The number of reported cases has steadily increased since 1980 with the most rapid growth occuring from 1980 to 1996 . In 2007 20 million people ages 1 to 14 had asthma . The economic impact related to medical expenditures for  treating asthma increased from 48.6 billion to 50.1 billion about 3,300 per person with asthma diagnosis per year .



References

Parker, S (2013) The Body Book . Med Motion 

CDC(2017) National Asthma Control Program . Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/asthma /nwep.html          

Alzheimers Disease Characteristics and Comparison

Late stages of Alzheimer' s disease occurs in people 65 years of age and over , and affects five million people. By age 71 16% of women are afflicted with the disease and 11% of males develop the disease (RN.org,2017). By the age of 80 at least 50% of people are diagnosed . Factors that expedite the diseases development include (1) life style , (2) genes , and (3) education . The term expedite are used because , since the disease is a heritable one we must  keep in mind that the above mentioned factors are merely environmental factors that contribute to the diseases development and must include nutrition as a co factor ; as well as environmental stressors . As has been discussed in previous works related to onset and chronic illness development such as diabetis which is also heritable stress levels plays a vital role in its development as noted in the epidemiological twin study performed by L Cruz entitled Diabetis Vs Obesity : A Twin Epidemiological Study 2015 ; stress played a significant role in the disease development and from all co morbid diseases evaluated stress were responsible for the development of a specific type of diabetis (Uncontrolled Type ) . So what characteristics does Alzheimer's disease poses that can significantly identify cases prior to the 20 year developmental stage ? well this is the stage prior to the late stage;  and usually accounts for populations at risk that are between 40 and 60 years of age . The best stage to provide persons at risk for the disease development because of genetic factors are the prodromal stage which is usually from the age of 30 to 40 ; if the person at risk consumes specific  nutrients between this 10 year age timeline they can lower or offset the diseases development by up to 50 % as seen in the randomized control trial performed by the same author . This is important as the data demonstrates that a growth in Alzheimer's cases of over 44% is expected by the year 2025 (Florida Department of Health ,2017) and currently the same state has over half a million cases . The financial burdon on family and in health system care is currently over 2,336 billion dollars and that number is expected to grow to over one trillion dollars . But the most insidious characteristic of this disease remain the manner in which it has the ability to affect surrounding lives ; the way in which it does this is through care provider exhaustion and depression ; this is insidious because it produces other diseases .


References

RN.org (2017)Alzheimer' s Disease . Retrieved from http://www.RN,org

Alz.org (2017) Alzheimer's Disease .Retrived from http://www.alz.org   

Cruz, L (2015) Diabetis Vs Obesity : A Twin Epidemiological Study  

The Role of Whole Genome Sequencing in Community Aquired Infectious Disease and (MRSA)

(MRSA ) or what is often referred to as Methecillin Resistant Stapholococcus is an important cause of nosocomial infection world wide (CDC.gov,2017) and although often encountered in hospital settings and clinical settings these Medication resistant infectious strains also develop in community settings and often mimic hospital aquired infections . One such example of what a community aquired infections is pneumonia and or Influenza ; while a nosocomial or hospiital aquired infection can be for example Klebsella , pneumonia or even influenza  under the right circumstances and setting . Recent studies suggest that the epidemiology of MRSA may be changing as the isolation of MRSA is no longer limited to hospitalized patients or persons with predisposing risk factors such as primary disease , chronic ailments or poor nutrition. New projects using high throughput whole genome sequencing is beginning to elucidate MRSA revealing how bacteria tend to spread among patient and to continents (Harmon ,K 2000). Scientists would typically sample DNA sequence in six or seven genes across the whole MRSA genome (which contains some 3,000 genes ) . Subtle genetics changes  would often go undetected . More rapid whole genome sequencing however; enables researcher to see very descrete differences that occur on the lvel of single nucleotide changes . Why are these subtle changes so important and what do they mean for scientists , epidemiologists and the medical community as a whole ? . Well several years ago in the year 2012 mutations in infectious disease such as Pediculosis or whatis also known as the infamous Lice began mutating ; which became a stupifying problem for parents , teachers , school officials and the scientific and medical community because customary treatments for combating pediculosis where not therapeutic . Like wise subtle  genetic differences in staph infections (MRSA ) and other viruses , caused by  genetic mutations can cause a problem in treatment ,  or even death in frail adults , in immune compramised adults and  suseptable children because of immature immune system ;or in the very elderly.  One over arching differnce to not are that HAI and CAI develop in different settings Hospital Aquired infections are usually of a bacterial nature , and CAI or Community Aquired Infections are usually viruses such as Influenza .

References

CDC(2017) Emerging Infectious Disease . Retrived from http: ..www.cdc.gov

Harmon. K (2000) Sequencing Staph : New Genetic Analysis Tracks MRSA Mutations . Scientific America    

Qualitative Research in Formative Measures Assessment :Assuring Student Learning Experience

Action research provides opportunities to engage in qualitative research designs that serve to measure formative assessments in student learning experience which can be modified on a quarterly bases to provide a better learning experence and that analyzes environmental barriers in grade completion ( Med Scape,2017). Action research is a particular research design that enables the formation of interventions that serve to correct and or address critical to course materials in curriculums with; in passing course material ; because action research  is cost effective and expeditious in  time line the particular designs can effectively solve student problems , forcast issues that serve  as factors that cause failure in course curriculum and secure financial stability that enables students to complete educational programs and also assist in work force transitions . The action research cycle is the following (1) Identify the problem and Invision Success (2) Develope a Plan of Action (3) Collect Data (4) Analyze the Data (5) Adjust the The theory and report the results. References
Med Scape (2017) Presenting and EvaluatingQualitative Research .Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/ 

Cyber Security in Remote Patient Monitoring : Risks and Solutions

Information loss and theft   is now the most expensive consequence of a cyber crime (Ponemon Institute,2017). Cyber attacks are a reality for all organizations . A global study  carried out by the Ponemon Institute reported that 237 companies in 6 countries had been the victim of cyber crime in the year 2016 .The study included 1,278 interviews with company personnel where attack rates where measured as 465 total attacks  resulted in over 9.5 million dollars in cost in lost revenue and a 21 % increase in attacks from the year before . But what implications does this have on Institutions responsable for delivering health care from remote locations or what is known as Tele health . Upon analysis and  discussions with Tele health Professional Colleagues  some of the areas for lost data are Blood Pressure readings ,  Oxygene saturation , Temperature monitoring and other multiple test monitored and documented in remote assessment . Other areas that may be affected by a sudden loss of data are data collected during continuum  of care such as Intake and Output readings , changes in gait , neurological changes and other more intricate physical symptoms related to social and behavioral health . So what can the  health professional monitoring  a remote person do in this instance ? How can we better secure data and manage documentation to provide quality assurance ?. There are nine characteristics of innovative and cyber secure organizations . Findings reveal the following characteristics that both innovate their operations to meet business objectives and minimize the financial and reputational consequences of a cyber crime . Among some of these are (1) Security Posture (2) Information Management (3) Data Protection , and Detection and Recovery. Companies that continually scale up their data management and recovery efforts fair much better when they integrate   strategies in data protection and avert the largest cost impact from cyber crimes which increase dramatically post cyber attack , often to the tune of 39% increase in business loss from disruption  . STEAM or Science , Technology , Education , Art , and Mathamatics are an intricate part of public health practice . This is demonstated by the integration of the disiplines in public health and their impact when implemented into prevention and health promotion . Raising the question ? Is a cyber crime commited against a health orgabization or institution or agency a sentinal event ?  . Comments can be posted and will be viewed and discussed .


References
Ponemon (2016) 2016 Cost of Cyber Crime Study & the Risk of Business Innovation. Ponemon Institute . 

Reliable Cancer Diagnosis Specificity and Sensitivity . How Important is it ?

Natural Killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes found in periferal blood that plays a role in host defense and immune regulation .  killer T Cells are the circulatory systems defense mechanism in protecting itself from virus , cocci , and protozoans that invade the circulatory system and colonize to develop infections that cause disease . What happens to these specialized cells when the organism or human body are faced with a disease trajectory such as a cancer diagnosis?.  Especially when NK cells are shown to be associated with an improved prognosis in several cancer such as colorectal cancer ; non  small cell lung cancer and clear cell renal cell carcinoma . Immune modulating cancer medications often used for the treatment of cancer can have a significant impact on the survival of these specialized cells because when practioners decide to administer an  anticancer medication to treat nodule formation concidering that not only do these medications eliminate nodule and neoplasm formation through apoptosis and cell membrane destruction ; but also surrounding cells such as NK cells , hemoglobin , and macrophages . These are a part of the organisms natural defence that include leukocytes as well . Why is choosing correct diagnostic equipment so important in determining treatment outcomes ?  Lets look closer . A growing amount of data has shown that cells cultured in laboratory settings directly impact diagnosis because cell matrix   communication , polarity and in vivo testing ; particularly when using equipment that contain 3 Dimentional  visualization ,define how cells behave , what immune therapeutics are needed to treat this particular nodule or neoplasm  what approach to use . On the other hand testing using 2 Dimentional laboratory equipment does not fully define cell  communication , polarity and or in vivo visualization as precisly as 3 Dimentional

equipment this increases sensitivity and test specificity which influence treatment choice and outcomes.



References

Larson, B Lubna , A & Shroeder, J (2017) Validation Cytotoxicity Assay .3 D Natural Killer Cell Mediated . Lonza Walkersville Inc . Bio Tek 

Population Health Disparities from a Population Perspective

The National Institute of Health sponsored Centers for population health and health disparities are the first federal initiatives to support trans disciplinary multilevel research on the determinants of health(NAP,2017).  The determinants were first created as a model for determining factors that affect a persons health , the model conceders environmental , and institutional factors surrounding the environment that interrelate  in a distal and proximal fashion which may also affect health on a long term and short term bases.  A renewed concern with social factors has emerged in global public health , spearheaded by the World Health Organization Commission on social determinants of health. The coming decade may see significant changes in global health and should draw lessons from the past . The Commission  on social determinants of health can acquire political support by establishing collaborative relationships with policy makers in partner countries . This type of collaborative relationship can be produced through transnational research to modernize  determinants of health  across the globe and integrate genetic factors that play a significant role in phenotype development  providing a brood perspective in   distal and proximal determinants to restore environmental health , provide precision medicine , and to implement socioeconomic policies that address critical health issues ; such as (1) diabetes epidemic , opioid abuse epidemic , injuries , and work force health .  The current model being used can be found in this contribution highlighted by factor s that in this professionals onion might benefit from a bit of codification.


Determinants of Health


References

Irwin ,A & Sculi, B (2007) Action on the social determinants of health :A Historical perspective .Pub Med  Retrieved from http://www.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19283626

Nanotechnology and Respiratory Health

What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is the science related to all small things.Particularly rgose measuring less than 100 mm in size (NNIN,2017). One manometer is 10-9 meters or about 3 atoms long. Materials or elements in small dimensions  , small particles and  thin films that can have a significant effect and poses different properties than that of larger elements ; and materials.

When these differences are well comprehended we can learn about the assembly , control and  its composition and the order of  these properties to comprise materials ;   proceses , and patterns that better serve populations and increase quality of life .

Particulate matter for example are measured in PMs of 10 , 15 , and 25 with 25 being the largest . Nano technology can assist social and behavioral scientist in assessing the behavioral response of asthma sufferers by observing behavior that are manifested during an exacerbation . These usually can be correlated with measuring particulate matter to distinguish appropriate behavior and implement prevention and decrease disease burden.

In addition nanotechnology can assist  scientists in determining shelf life of medications , cosmetics , aerosoles and many other elements related to the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals .This has great significance to such disiplines as STEAM education and Public Health  because we can use nanotechnology for intance to evaluate catalytic combustion in forest fires to examine the conditions that enable these natural disasters and reduce risk to human life and secure assets and lively hood.

References

NINN (2017) What is Nanotechnology . Rertieved from http://www.nnin.org/news-events/spotlight

Integrating STEAM Education into Public Health Practice

Integrating  STEAM Education into public health Practice


     Integrating STEAM Education into public health practice is an excellent concept that has the promise of implementing interventions that can be transferable to increasing sustainability, particularly in National nutrition quality and resource allocation . An excellent example of how this can be accomplished  can be observed in the following educational strategies recently implemented by NASA . The thermal and fluids analysis work shop encourages knowledge sharing , professional development , and networking throughout the thermal and fluids. The engeenering community with in NASA , academia , and the aerospace community at large can benefit from the program (NASA,2017). Learning about thermal dynamics allows the comprehension of how the human body self regulates its own thermal system to accomidate to environmental thermal dynamics , particularly in climatological changes and how the human body responds to these changes . STEAM faculty and University students are encourage to attend , submit a poster , a paper  and they also offer training . Registration to attend a work shop is free and participants interested in presenting material in the conference through manuscript submission or poster are recieved through May 19th 2017 .

     Interested persons can visit the website . Another very interesting detail in learning about fluid dynamics can be observed in the thermodynamic secundary law which postulates that if a cup of water is placed in the center of a room , the surrounding environmental temperature will influence the temperature of the water and can regulate the waters temperature to reach a balance between them , this is an important  law that can also assist the individual in climate adaptation. These concepts not only assist humans to adapt and comprehend whats occuring in their bodies function as environmental  temperature increase but provide public health tools to implement strategies in health care system that lead to sustainability and quality health care .


References

NASA (2017) Thermal and Fluids Work Shop  .Retrieved from http://www.nasa.com

The Epidemic

In February 2016 the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a special report in The New England Journal of Medicine alerting the Medical Community , including providers ,policy makers , and drug manufacturers about the growing epidemic of opioid abuse, addiction and overdose (Value based Care,2016). An epidemic directly related to the increasing widespread use of powerful opioid pain medications (Goodman, 2016). Opioid or prescription drug misuse is growing concern to public health professionals ; nearly 2.4 million people in the United States currently struggle with a  SUD  substance use disorder directly related to prescription drug ,  approximatly half a million people have an SUD related to heroin (SAMSHA,2016). The U.S Food and Drug administration has approved three different medications to treat opioid addiction (1) Methadone , (2) Naloxone , and (3) Buprenorphine . Research shows  that a combination of medication and psychosocial therapy is often the most successful approach in treating opioid addiction, how ever Naloxone is essentially an  antidote that is administered during an overdose to prevent cardiopulmonary injury during an overdose and is contraindicated n people who are recieving Methadone therapy . In addition Naloxone has side affects and are to be administered by trained personell .  Prevalence of opioid abuse are higher among women ; individuals aged 60 to 69 and in those who rate their health as poor , as well as those individuals who have been hospitalized during the last year.  Estimates of the prevalence of persons who suffer from chronic pain are currently between 39 million and 100 million people a very large at risk cohort in  addressing the issue , but its more complex than that because chronic pain are influenced by culture , past experience with pain , socio ecoomic status and cognition . These factors affect the way in which pain is percieved and affect  the identification of addictive behavior ; particularly in the aging who have a decreased neurological function related to an aging physiological status . In addition to this over 70 % of all prescription pain killers are dispenced to the elderly , in  fact in the year 2016 over 254 million pain medication prescriptions  were dispenced making this public health issue all the more pressing.



References

Goodman, A(2016) Provider Education the Key to Preventing the Growing Epidemic of Misuse and Abuse in Opioid Prescription for Chronic Pain , the FDA Enphasises. Pain Management Value Based Rheumatology vol5 no 3

SAMSA (2016) The CBHSQ Report . Retrieved from http://www.samsha.gov/data/sites/default/filesreport_2117/shortreport-2117.pdf

Sexual Violence in Youth

     

     Approximatly 8% or an estimated 10 million youth experience rape or attempted rape every year (cdc.gov,2017) . 0.7%or an estimated 791,000 experience either rape or attempted rape. 43% of the perpetrators were aquantences , 28.8% were current or former intimate partners  27.7% were family members  and only 10% were strangers. The elderly are abused through emotional and verbal abuse , discrimination on the bases of age and they also suffer sexual abuse through incest ,rape , and sexual coercion . In almost all studies of risk factors the community factor  which demonstrates social isolation as an identifier of elderly neglect .Isolation can be both  a cause or the result of elder abuse  and mistreatment . For older folks the consequences of mistreatment are very serious , older persons are physically weaker and more vulnerable  than younger adults (SAMSHA,2015) .The elderly also attempt  and commit suicide  in discriminant ways that may mimic cause of death as illness. What are some of the ways in which the elderly population commit suicide ?Most recent statistical data demonstrate that the elderly commit suicide every 97 seconds (cdc.gov,2016) which begs the question to reiterate "What are some of the ways in which the elderly commit suicide ?" . The title of the post relate to violence , but self harm is also a violent act and go against well being and spiritual health . Can community based organizations serve to ameliorate these profound issue in public health ? and is the separation of church and state a question for public health professionals to answer? With growing public health issues and a shortage of work force to address the stated issues these questions become pressing.  Continued discussions of the topic will be evaluated for the entire week to elucidate facts from perceived folkways in an effort to lower disease burden . Stay well .




References 

CDC(2017) Injury Prevention & Control .Division of Violence Prevention .Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violence prevention/pdf/2012findings on SVin Youth.pdf


SAMSHA(2015) Tip 54 . Retrieved from http://www.samsha.gov