EKG Interpretation Utilizing DNN or Deep Neural Networks

Electrocardiograph analysis was developed to elucidate cardiac algorithm with the objective of discerning cardiac output and to better understand Korotkoff sounds measured with a twelve lead rhythm  algorithm plotted on a graph which depicts a one minute interval  generating the heart rate .. The first machines developed utilized metal plates and conduction gel which were attached to the patients inner limbs with a rubber strips  and a six lead landmark on the chest . During the 1990s  the digital and computerized EKG machine was developed where nurses examined the rhythm strip and interpreted the  heart rate.  Today we still utilize digital EKG but recently we have scaled the twelve lead digital EKG by adding AI or artificial Intelligence  to better interpret heart rhythm particularly in emergency situations that may occur outdoors .   In a research article entitled Cardiologist - Level arrhythmia Detection and Classification in Ambulatory Electrocardiograms Using Deep Neural Network ' were 53,549 patients attached to a single lead ambulatory ECG monitoring devise was validated against an independent test  data set annotated by a consensus committee of board certified practicing cardiologist , the DNN or Deep Neural Network achieved an average area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC ) of  0.97 the average cardiologist 0.780 with specificity fixed at the average  specificity achieved by cardiologist , the sensitivity of DNN exceeded the average cardiologist sensitivity for all  rhythm classes . The article is significant because this will enable AI or Artificial Intelligence to be adequately integrated into cardiac analysis using less equipment thus being more  cost effective , and adaptable to many settings and environments .



References

Hanun , A.Y ; Rapurkar, P ; Haghpanahi,, M; Tison, G.H ; Bourn,C; Turakia,M.P & Ng,A.Y   (2019) Cardiologist -Level Arrythmia Detection and Classification in Ambulatory Electrocardiograms Using a Deep Neural Network  NCBI     

CRISPR Cas 9 as a Tool in Addressing Heritable Disease . Public Health Applications.

Genome editing involves the deletion , insertion , or modification of the genome at specific sites within the genomes DNA sequence .The mere thought of the re Reconstruction of the DNA sequence provokes fear , confusion and differences in values , folkways and mores in society . The profound issues in health and well being that are witnessed in society today can not be denied ; in many instances these issues describe a  pathological society ( Principles of Public Health 2019) . Genome editing is guided by a set of laws that can be found within the GINA Act and this law should be available to society for instruction .The truth is that technology is well  advanced; such so that  plagues  in society  such as Opined use , Diabetics , and Heart disease can possibly be addressed through the use is Genome Editing . The chronic diseases mentioned above are all heritable diseases , , yes opioid  , heroin use as well as , alcoholism are heritable traits . In fact opioid addiction and heroin addiction are 20 % more heritable than diabetes which stands at being 34% heritable . Opioid addiction as well as heroin addiction are therefor about 54% heritable higher than many many other heritable diseases (NAP, 2016) .  CRISPER Cas 9 as well as TALENS  offer hope in addressing many of the chronic diseases mentioned above , is cost effective and precise  in clinical practice and public health endevours . The molecular mechanism found in CRISPER Cas 9 allows for the recognition of damaged DNA stand targets it then gRNA compliments the the located site of damage where Cas 9 can cleave the area with great specificity( CDC.gov ,2019) There are two DNA repair types , the first is Non Homologous end joining and the second repair type is Homology Directed Repair which utilizes Codone Manipulation . PBSS or Prescription Behavior Surveillance   is an excellent way of prevention deaths from opioid overdose , but one must also take into consideration heredity in disease manifestation  , phenotype development and in gene expression ( CDC.gov,2019) .  The clinical application of Gene Editing are currently being applied to plant DNA and to research involving Crops , but the same  molecular mechanisms of action may soon be applied to health care practice . When addressing critical issues in Public Health it is best to offer the consumer a wide variety of solutions for any given problem (NASH ,2019)


References

Nash , J 2019) Game Theory . Retrieved from http://www. Columbia.edu

CDC (2019) Drug Overdose . Centers for Disease Control Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/drigoverdose/pdf/pdssReports-072017.pdf

Genetic Alliance (2019) CRISPR CAS 9 . Retrieved from http;//www.geneticalliance  .org.uk

NAP(2019) Pathways in Addiction . National Academies Press