Contrasting Locards Exchange Principle and Carbon Foot Printing . Whatta Relationship

Every contact you make with another person ,place , or object results in an exchange of physical material. If you own a pet this exchange of material is well known to you(Lyle ,2012)  Known as he Locard Exchange Principle after Edmond Locard the French police officer who first noticed it ; the exchange of materials is the basis of modern forensics investigations . Using the principle forensic scientists can determine where a suspect has been by analyzing trace evidence (Any Small ) pieces of evidence  such as fibers on clothing , hair in cars , or that gunk on the bottom of a shoe can be evaluated and analyzed  as well as used as corroborative evidence to seek an indictment of a suspected criminal . The premise here is the method and the principle as overarching process in scientific application ; how ever what would happen if we applied the same principle to  the carbon foot print principle ? . Can we make the contrast between the two principles in using trace evidence in carbon foot print to indict environmental criminals ? The proposal is not to far fetched . Infact forensic anthropologist use relevant concepts when engaged in field study . One of the discoveries made in Isreal were that solid fuel were used to prepare meals during the BC years ;these are years before crist . Why is this relevant to the topic under study ? because they also noticed environmental changes in the region  under there study to manifest climate changes similar to the climate changes seen today. When we appraise the two principles ; Carbon Foot Print and Locard Exchange Principle these demonstrate similar approaches in seeking out evidence which will allow a just accountability I human behavior . What are the implications of these principles to public health ? Well the implications vary ; but one of the most important tools used in public health are public health law which allows for the application of both principles when environmental protection is concerned . The interesting premise are that of using Locards Exchange Principle in public health research ; particularly if this research is placed within a public health law design . Carbon foot printing needs to be a part of all human activity and should be taught in elementary schools beginning in the fifth grade when children begin developing moral and ethical values ; Erickson called this developmental stage Industrial stage . This application will teach children about accountability for there behavior  within there environment and accountability in other environments . What say you ?

References
Lyle, D.P (2012) Forensics for Dummies . Wiley Publishing USA                        

Regaining Sanity Post Assault . What does SANE have to do with it.

The most common subspicies of the Nurse Examiner is the Forensic Nurse  or SANE , and yet another spiecies is the Hospice Care Examiner, while the Forensics Nurse duties are different and distinct than that of the Hospice Care Nurse each serve a specific service in allied health. The approach to sexual assault exam vary greatly and depends on where the assault has taken place ; the methods may also vary from state to state and jurisdictional differences in prosicutorial procedures also vary when the Forensic Nurse Examiners investigation has yielded results that merit prosecution in Rape and Sexual Assault (Stevens ,2004) .  SART locations are  important in and several are found in diverse jurisdictions , counties , states . SART locations are intricate to the Forensic Nurse because these are the clinical settings utilized to examine victims and servivors of sexual assault . Newer programs have chosen to use a more generic term for the  clinical setting ; these would be the acronym SAFE which house the Nurse Examiner or (FNE) . Many FNE or SANE may begin there specialty in Emergency Rooms where they gain experience in assisting to care for and collect specimens relevent to assault cases. The SANE is ot a patient advocate ; and the intricate work include data collection ,  specimen collection, hair and fiber collection and any other relevant physical evidence related to the assault . The FNE also serve as witness in prosicutorial procedures and must there for poses knowledge of criminal law . The SANE Nurse dedicate ample time in which lead to the  carrying out  these duties ; with the minimum being six hours of assessment and treatment ; post assault  which lead to the discovery of the wrath of the event ; these specialized nurses do not mind being challenged by defense attorneys in court room trials and more than 80 % of victims who recieve a proper SANE exam have a successful prosecution of the rapist .  One of the most important tasks that the FNE has is to safe guard victims identity , adhere to HIPPA rules in documenting  and in documetation must be of the highest quality wich provides Assurance in Evidence Based Public Health .

References
Stevens , S (2004) Forensic Nurse . The New Role of the Nurse in Law Enforcement . Saint Martin Press . New York              

Social and Behavioral Research using PHenostyles in Population health and Assessment

Since subjects for new social research projects often grow from earlier efforts to study methods of social research these have also evolved ; however when faced with the challenges of cementing credibility it accompanies said social projects in stages . One of the reasons for this is lack of modernized social health models , frameworks , and theories (Baker,2012) . The discrepancy between applicable models that align to modern social ills can be attributed directly to the integration of post positivistic theorem and logic ;rather than neopositivistic theorem and logic . Today social researchers carry out projects that are supported by diverse disciplines such as  genetics , Gene editing in tailored health  biotechnology , and innovation in steam education .  We can no longer base public health on existent determinants of health , HBM or Skinners condualist theory . This also becomes an issue for the social scientists when observational work are being perused and performed that include the observation of behavior ethnographically , when observing tendencies and trends . Validity of new models that are introduced into practice and academia are time consuming and quite lengthy in implementation ; these new models such as The New PHenostyles framework in community assessment deserve to go into trials ; validated and used in behavioral and social research . The PHenostyles Assessment tool is an excellent way of collecting data related to life styles that can be transferred into  practice to evaluate phenotipical development and gene editing (Cruz 2017).   This is an excellent way of implementing preventative care in public health ; it is cost effective and lowers the burden of disease in such complex topics as environmental exposure , pollution   exposure , climate change and adaptation and its affects on health over time .  

References 
Baker , t.l(1998) Doing Social Research 3rd ed . McGraw Hill Publishing

Cruz ,L (2015) PHenostyles Assessment in Public Health. 

Using Toxicology to Evaluate Topography with Quick Test .

Biological strains found at a crime scene are basically intended for DNA identification and to perform toxicological testing ; how ever these processes can also provide additional information to the practitioner . Foe example , toxicology testing of urine samples can also be used to differentiate recent pathological strains from older strains , they can also be used to analyze variations in  environmental issues , and can also serve to detect  variations in drug additives (Castello , Navarro, Banon & Verdu ; 2008) . The examination of urine samples in criminalistics is mainly reserved for identification purposes   ; using DNA analysis how ever; in other situations in legal conflict can be used to establish other circumstances that may have occured . One of which are the possible use of toxic material to force the victims of some crimes to yield .

Cases for Evaluation
1- Mistreatment of children and the Elderly
the analysis of urine examines strains that may be found in victims personal items;  and can be utilized to provide  answers with regard to exposure .
2-DFSA or drug fascilitated sexual assault .
traces of drug administered to weaken victims resistance can be detected using urine samples .
3- Missing persons cases
in the case of missing persons urine samples can serve to examine the unfolding of events and their timelines .

As a result , we assert from the above examples in toxicology use;  urine samples which were once  viewed as insignificant and or weak evidence were criminal cases are concerened have now become an aquishable form of sustaining  evidence . Most recently Quick Kit/see TM Multidrug screen panal from bio rad ;introduced into the market serve to provide qualitative immuno essay test for detecting for phenocyclodine , barbiturates , amphetamines and benzodyzapines ; as well as tricyciclic antidepressants  and morphine in urine .
Samples yield traces measured in nanograms which are countermeasured by time line to exposure and which are usually standardized as 7-15 days presence in urine have now been increased to finely detect traces witha time line of 30 days .

Implications for Public Health    
The implications to public health practice include point source evaluation confirmation in demographics and topographics , syndromic surveillance that maylead to sentinal surveillance and due diligence , and comparison and contracting research in public health and epidemiology that conciderse environmental variences .

References
Castello , A ; Navarro, E ; Banon, R & Verdu, F (2008) A Crossroad between Criminalistics and Forensics Toxicology . Internet Scientific Publications .      

DNA damage caused by chemotherapeutic regimens .Whats the differnce in damage caused by mutations ?

An international team led by scientists ar the National Institute of Health is the first to discover a new way that cells form important and dangerous types of DNA damage known as a DNA protein cross link (DPC) . Proteins classified as ZATT has the ability of eliminating DPCs with the help of other proteins (NIH,2017). Since DPCs form when undergoing cancer treatment ; understanding how ZATT along with DPT other proteins work to repair damages caused to DNA structure during cancer treatment is essential in averting said damages . It is fair to note however ; that unlike damages caused to DNA structure by mutations that affect DNA structure  such as 1)duplication 2) nonscence 3) misense 4) insertion   5)framshift ; and 6) deletion ; with deletion being a particularly inciduous form of mutation , these damages are related to treatment process and not a pathological process.

How does it work ?
Researcher Shellenberg explains that often chemotherapeutic drugs  or environmental chemicals block the proteins that allow the structure to retie broken ends   and normalize its allels structure  ; this is largely due to TOP2 which conceals the cut ends within the core of the strand itself ; this is important in reperation because the TOP2 encircles the the DNA strand ; when normal joining of the damaged ends cannot be had permenant damage may occur which in the DNA core ; this in turn  changes the structure all together. This can also be seen as an internal microscopic  scar if you will;  related to chemo and other environmental hazards post  and intra treatment . For this reason This Researcher has stated in the past that securing patient treatment continuum during catastrophic events and natural disasters is so vital to disease prognosis and outcomes .

Implications for Public Health
Unstable TOP2-dpc Complex leads to accumulation of severed DNA that kills cells ;TOP2 remains stuck to the DNA strand hindering its ability to retie itself during chemotherapy and post treatment . The implication of treatment interference , environmental and chemical exposure either through the use of immunomodulators or environmental  hazards must be controlled and monitored when treating a patient with cancer because of the economic burden to the patients ; his or her life expectancy and expectations in remission of pathology , currently a four once of gamma globulin an important derivative of restructuring cells that are transfused to cancer patients can cost up to 60,000 dollars for four ounces; not to mention immunomodulating drugs ; hospital room costs and in many instances job loss and economic bancrupsy from disease diagnosis . Public health  research professionals work in conjunction to Medical researchers to fill in research related knowledge gaps that lead to better treatment outcomes and quality of life

References
NIH (2017) DNA  damage caused by cancer treatment reversed by ZATT protein . National Institute of Health Retrieved from http://www.nih.gov/nes-events/news-release/dna-damage-caused-cancer-treatment-revered-zatt-protein.        

FHWA Strategic Goal Implementation Areas for Improvemnt to Provide Quality Research :Providing Next Steps Interventions

Strategic Highway Research related to crash causation and which were recently emitted by The National Academies Press state various efforts made to improve the understanding of highway crashes ans the factors that appear to cause them(NAP,2017) . Crash causality has been analized by the ITS program through IVI , and the General Accounting Office as well as some DOTs and a pooled fund study being conducted by south eastern states .
      FHWA Strateic Focus Area II
1- Improve Knowledge of crash causation through collection and analysis of more acurate and complete safety data.
2-Achieve a significant reduction in the number and severity od single vehicle run -off the roads crashes .
3-Achieve a significant reduction in the number and severity of intersection rashes .

The analysis elements of FHWAs safety research program and The Highway Safety Information System performs studies based on data provided by eight state DOTs , NHTSA also performs crash analysis.  The agencies fatality analysis reporting system uses state DOT ,Police , and other data to study fatal crashes ; while the ITS National Automotive Sampling  System looks at various types of crashes using two systems ; 1) The General Estimates System which examines a nationally represented sample of crashes using information from Police reports ; and 2) The Crash worthiness Data System which performs detailed analysis of 5,000 crashes a year supplimenting police reports

When evaluating behavior related to vehicle crash causality we evaluated road rage using reactive and proactive aggression which I detail in previous blogger post. Proactively aggressive conduct includes bullying while Reactive aggression includes poor impulse control ,  toxic emotional responses and outbursts . In evaluating the strategic areas for improvement to determine crash causality it is my contention as a public health professional and as an allied health care provider and researcher that these strategies although very good ; the approach should be in completing the crash worthiness data system and the general estimates system examination with performing a discouse analysis of fatal crash police reports; to analyze emergent trends , patterns and behavior. This analysis will identify emergent aggression often found in road rage behavior and fatal crash causality.



References

NAP(2017) Strategic  Highway Research .Saving Lives ,Reducing Congestion ,Improving Quality of Life . Committee for a Study for a Future .Strategic Highway Research Program .Transportation Research Board.National Academies Press .

Rain, A (2013) The Anatomy of Violence .The Biological Roots of Crime .   

Continuity of Care during a Natural Disaster . Publc Health Perspective

Ilicit drug abuse  is a growing public health concern ; nearly 2.4 million people in the United States have a SUD or Substance Abuse Disorder (SAMSA,2015) related to prescription opioid prescription drug misuse . Approximately half a million people  are currently addicted to Heroin , Methamphetamine use is also on the rise as well as other drugs whose base are constructed from anasthetics such as Fentanyl and cocain. Data on privately insured individuals aged 18 to 64 from the yar 2010 to 2014 from Truven Health Analytics Market Scan Commercial Claims and Encounters data base shows that 40 % of patients did not recieve any follow up services within 30 days following an opioid related hospitalization. The mechanisms by which this type of addiction occures is termed cross addiction which happens insiduously while the patient is recieving pharmacotherapeutics for pain management in the treatment of chronic conditions such as arthritis , rheumatoid arthritis , psychosocial conditions and post injury from sports injuries; and near fatal automobile accidents (CDC.gov,2016). Although this is a crisis that currently threatens populations , and I say populations because at it stands if we gatherd all of the people addicted to illicit drugs in the U.S they would be enough to fill two states ; whose sole population would be constructed of addicts ; what of the persons currently undergoing treatment and rehabilitation for addiction when faced with a natural disaster . How does this affect there treatment and there ability to comply with the thereapeutic regimen? . Are they face with a new crisis such as patients recieving cancer treatment who also are submerged in a  crisis due to natural disaster. What of there ability to complete a therapeutic regiomen? Not to mention the thousands of patients who rely on such life saving medication such as insulin ; where these are costly and merit strict refrigeration ; which in turn are supplied through electrical power. There are currently over 36 million diabetics in the United States which lead Public Health to question  the effectivness of Public Health Processes Procedures and Sustainablity .  The National Cancer Institute currently provides program implementation and strategics for the continuation of cancer care and pharmacotherapeutics during a natural disaster ; and it is my belief that many of these strategies can alsobe implemented to vulnerable populations such as addicts and diabetic populations to off set he burdo of secndary disease attainmentstemming from a natural disaster and to provide effective care even under the most dire circumstances; especially for populations in rural communities because of the added nature of said distance , topography,   geography , and lack of resources.


References 

CDC(2017) Opioid Addiction . retrieved from http.www.cdc.gov

SAMSHA(2016) The CBHSQ Report .Retrieved from http.www.samsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_2117 shortRpor-2117.pf