Proactive and Reactive Aggressive Behavior : Brain Regions , Exposure or Heredity .

An important distinction between proactive and reactive aggression is the basic idea that proactive people use violence to get what they want out of life ; and example of this might be a child who bullies to get money games or candy (Raine, 2013). Proactive aggressive people plan ahead , they are regulated , controlled and driven y the reward that are either external and material or internal and psychological .  According to author Raine Pro actives are cold blooded and dispassionate ; conversely Reactive aggressive persons are more of blooded individuals in the face of proactive stimulus . The cerebral areas responsible for proactive aggression is the prefrontal lobe  specifically  the ventral lobe which is a sub region of the prefrontal lobe . The reactive aggressive person has very little stimulus in the ventral region ; in contrast the preditory personality has very little prefrontal regulation activation.

The Theory of Personality designed by the Psychoanalyst Sigmond Freud catagorizes the stages of human development as (1) oral phase (2) anal phase (3) phalic sage , and the latency stage . The limbic system is the site of the emotions and the ore primitive parts of our neural makeup ; while the hippocampus moderates and regulates aggression and when stimulated sets in motion preditory attack .Social factors interact with biological factors factors to increase a propensity for violence they also moderate the relationship.
So what significance or rather correlation does developing either a proactive aggressive or reactive aggressive personality have to the stages of Sigmond Feuds  theory ? When we analyze both in a gestaltic fashion . Lets view the following hypothesis : In general children learn much from the observation of modeled behavior .

Public Health Hypothesis using theory and clinical cephalic parenchyma regions . 
we might predict that there should be a greater  range of aggressive behavior among those children who watch the more aggressive programs, from exposure . Not necessarily. Why is this ? and what significance again does the stages of personality development have upon this premise; because as the author Raine accurately enunciates in her multiple studies , the childs brain completes its development by the age of six , this also correlates with the most significant concepts in Sigmond Freuds stages . The overarching rational is brain encoding by children ; where the child although cannot articulate by proxy learned behavior , this aggressive behavior whether proactive or reactive might be learned and encoded by such factors or exposure to factors in his or her immidiate environment by observing for example (1) care giver behavior (Parental behavior (3) characters in television ( 4) or even from others in their environment out side of the home setting . There for our hypothesis mentioned above would be either an alternate hypothesis ; but appears as a null one . The premisis stated in this minor analysis are both interesting and up for further study .  Questions related to genetic variations that influence personality development as well as environmental exposure merit evaluation

References
Raine, A(2013) The Anatomy of Violence : The Biological Roots of Crime. Pantheon Books New York
Jung,J (1982) The Experimentors Challenge : Methods and Issues in Psychological Research . California State University                       

                      

Economic Burden of Road Rage

The Centers for Disease Control has  reported more than 2.5 million drivers and passengers treated  in emergency departments as a result of injury sustained in motor vehicle accidents in the year 2012(CDC.gov,2017). This data which were derived from case counts tallied and presented as morbidity rates date back to 2012 , but when observing driver behavior we can assert that this data although very good data certainly can be updated merely because and if not only to really estimate what is observed on Americas roads ; driver behavior noted as (1) road rage , (2)  multiple car bullying is of great concern to public health as a whole and to clinicians who treat the injured . The economic impact is also notable ; in a one year period the cost of medical care and of productivity losses associated with injuries exceeded 80 million dollars.  Some of the causes related to increases in both  economic expenditures and in sustained injuries include  impaired driving and distracted driving . Distracted driving is driver conduct ; and behavior which may also be viewed as neglectful  . This behavior includes texting , and other conduct that distracts the driver . Impaired driving is related to driving under the influence of alcohol , illicit drugs , or opioids (CDC.gov,2017).  The number one state with the highest motor vehicle accident death rate were Texas with over 25,017, the second highest death rate from motor vehicle accidents are in California with 23,125, and the third highest death rate are in Florida  with 17862 .  he states with the least death rates from motor vehicle accidents are the district of Columbia and Wyoming. In other data related to the topic every day 28 people in the United States die in motor vehicle accidents this is one death every 51 minutes .The annual cost of alcohol related crashes total more than 44 billion dollars . Driver education that aids in avoiding vehicular accidents includes using your signal lights , never pass another driver on the right , yield the right of way and change lanes completely to pass a motorcycle or moped. Another  very well documented issue directly tied to motor vehicle accidents is addiction to opioids steaming from injuries sustained in motor vehicle accidents . This is called cross addiction and it occurs during pain management with opioids during pharmacotherepy /. It is also important to mention that the burden of disease and cost of opioid addiction is currently sky rocketing as well and estimated as being more than 90 million dollars a year .

References
CDC(2017)Motor Vehicle Accidents.  Centers for Disease Control . Winnable Battles                                         

Workplace Aggression and or Toxic Environments

Violence can occur in any workplace and among any type of worker ; but the risk for fatal violence is grater  in sales ,protective services and in transportation, while the risk of non fatal violence resulting in days away from work is greatest for healthcare and social assistance (CDC.gov) . According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics 409 workers in private industry and government were workplace homocide victims in he year 2014. 83% were males and 49% were females  32% worked in retail establishments. Total fatal injuries in 2014 were estimated to be 4,821 with 183 of these in the mining industry ,899 in construction , 349 in manufacturing , 1,246 in transportation and utilities , 766 in warehouses and 177 in financial institutions ; as well as 425 in professional and business services . Among some of the behaviors identified as precursors to violence in the workplace are (1) ambivalence (2) bullying and (3) stress and high workplace demands (NIOSH,2017) . Occupational aggression is the act or the threat of violence which may range from verbal to physical assaults directed towards personnel at work or on duty. One of the leading misconceptions about work place aggression is that the personnel that chose to leave this type of environment is the toxic carrier when in fact the toxic carrier rarely does so , this leads to high rates of turn over ; ineffective returns in training expenditures and loss of good personnel . Some of the terminology involved in identifying worker conduct are for example the steamroller, the sniper and or the compliant server who says yes to everything asked of him or her  while the steamroller is a worker who is extreamly aggressive and demanding and uses the threat of violence or other means to obtain what he or she desires . Another consequence related to toxic work environments are health related ; these often end up or can end in punitive damages ,PTSD , nevus breakdowns or depression . Assessments related to quality of service often serve to identify a toxic work environment , this is often very evident when the leader of the work team is the toxic carrier ; this has financial and long lasting implications ; such as for instance in temporary workers who withhold passwords bestowed to him or her  as part of his work duties and uses these to gain access and cause damage to work infrastructure activities . Another form of more subtle aggression are the passive aggressive individual who uses subtleties to exclude another worker from for instance meetings, emails ,  and other work activities that are carried out in a team fashion , always by accident of course. The best way to address these very important issues in public health are by being rigorous in productivity and performance evaluations , keeping close relationships with the workforce team and quickly addressing issues as they arise . An important factor when addressing these issues are that this type of aggression which begins in the work place can flow outside of the work place as well ; for this reason it is important to quickly identify work related problems and address these in a timely fashion .

References
CDC(2017) occupational Agression . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Retrieved from htp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/volence/factsheets.html                                     

Critical Issues in Public Health: Women who experience domestic violence , what are the numbers .

     Every 9 seconds a woman is physically assaulted in the United States . Yearly 4.8 million domestic violence incidents are reported to public health officials and 25% of our females population are currently victims of domestic violence (RN.org 2017). In addition each year  29 million men experience domestic violence  as well .In 2014 1,544 deaths were attributed  directly to domestic violence , of these numbers 75% of women and 25% of men were victims. In the year 1995 the financial burden of health care related costs of domestic violence was estimated at 5.8 billion dollars in 2005 that number was increased to 8.3 billion , and today the cost to health care is increasing ; this can also be attributed  to opioid abuse . These  numbers also reflect 25% of financial burden to lost revenue ; the reason for this is because about 25 to 30 percent of women who are victims of domestic violence work . One in every 8 pregnant women are also victims of domestic violence and in some states ; such as Louisianan were 1 in every 4 pregnant women are victims of domestic violence .  The HBM or health belief model is an excellent model that shows promising results in mitigating this public health issue because of its particular componants  . When applied to practice ; the practitioner can select specific applications from the model or follow the given sequence ; in addition it has also demonstrated results when applying its methodology to public health practice where program implementation and program evaluation are concerned. In addition to these ; this practitioner believes that when applied to the women in workforce setting it will demonstrate fine results in health prevention and promotion because the models application poses a goodness of fit that serve in practice application and prevention which results in cost effective public health .   

References

RN.org(2017) Domestic Violence .Retrieved from http://www.RN.org
Pearl ,R(2017) Domestic Violence :The Secret Killer that Costs 8.3 Billion Annually .Forbes Magazine.Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites 

The

Asthma Prevalence and Economic Impact

Asthma is a disease that affects the lungs and usually stems from three dinamics that are physical and environmental in nature . The first trigger that occures during an asthma attack is is an increase  in histamine . Histamine is an immune modulator that increases when the organ system in this case the resperatory system detects an antigen in the environment ; such as polen . The second is a physical response to histamine ; the resperatory system reacts bu producing mucus to capture environmental particles ; and the third dinamic is trachial lumen decrease from within and an increase in mucus occuring simultaniously that accounts for the distinctive wheezing sound in the chest (Parker, 2013).
Triggers that exscerbate an asthma attack include airbourn allergens , airway infections , airbourn irritants , and exercise . Populations most at risk are children , women , black and multirace Americans and American Indians .  The CDC  National Asthma  Control Program was commenced in 2011 to address growing cases of asthma which were estimated at 7.1 million with 3,404 visits to the emergency room that resulted in 21 million dollars in health care revenue (CDC.gov,2017) . The number of reported cases has steadily increased since 1980 with the most rapid growth occuring from 1980 to 1996 . In 2007 20 million people ages 1 to 14 had asthma . The economic impact related to medical expenditures for  treating asthma increased from 48.6 billion to 50.1 billion about 3,300 per person with asthma diagnosis per year .



References

Parker, S (2013) The Body Book . Med Motion 

CDC(2017) National Asthma Control Program . Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/asthma /nwep.html          

Alzheimers Disease Characteristics and Comparison

Late stages of Alzheimer' s disease occurs in people 65 years of age and over , and affects five million people. By age 71 16% of women are afflicted with the disease and 11% of males develop the disease (RN.org,2017). By the age of 80 at least 50% of people are diagnosed . Factors that expedite the diseases development include (1) life style , (2) genes , and (3) education . The term expedite are used because , since the disease is a heritable one we must  keep in mind that the above mentioned factors are merely environmental factors that contribute to the diseases development and must include nutrition as a co factor ; as well as environmental stressors . As has been discussed in previous works related to onset and chronic illness development such as diabetis which is also heritable stress levels plays a vital role in its development as noted in the epidemiological twin study performed by L Cruz entitled Diabetis Vs Obesity : A Twin Epidemiological Study 2015 ; stress played a significant role in the disease development and from all co morbid diseases evaluated stress were responsible for the development of a specific type of diabetis (Uncontrolled Type ) . So what characteristics does Alzheimer's disease poses that can significantly identify cases prior to the 20 year developmental stage ? well this is the stage prior to the late stage;  and usually accounts for populations at risk that are between 40 and 60 years of age . The best stage to provide persons at risk for the disease development because of genetic factors are the prodromal stage which is usually from the age of 30 to 40 ; if the person at risk consumes specific  nutrients between this 10 year age timeline they can lower or offset the diseases development by up to 50 % as seen in the randomized control trial performed by the same author . This is important as the data demonstrates that a growth in Alzheimer's cases of over 44% is expected by the year 2025 (Florida Department of Health ,2017) and currently the same state has over half a million cases . The financial burdon on family and in health system care is currently over 2,336 billion dollars and that number is expected to grow to over one trillion dollars . But the most insidious characteristic of this disease remain the manner in which it has the ability to affect surrounding lives ; the way in which it does this is through care provider exhaustion and depression ; this is insidious because it produces other diseases .


References

RN.org (2017)Alzheimer' s Disease . Retrieved from http://www.RN,org

Alz.org (2017) Alzheimer's Disease .Retrived from http://www.alz.org   

Cruz, L (2015) Diabetis Vs Obesity : A Twin Epidemiological Study  

The Role of Whole Genome Sequencing in Community Aquired Infectious Disease and (MRSA)

(MRSA ) or what is often referred to as Methecillin Resistant Stapholococcus is an important cause of nosocomial infection world wide (CDC.gov,2017) and although often encountered in hospital settings and clinical settings these Medication resistant infectious strains also develop in community settings and often mimic hospital aquired infections . One such example of what a community aquired infections is pneumonia and or Influenza ; while a nosocomial or hospiital aquired infection can be for example Klebsella , pneumonia or even influenza  under the right circumstances and setting . Recent studies suggest that the epidemiology of MRSA may be changing as the isolation of MRSA is no longer limited to hospitalized patients or persons with predisposing risk factors such as primary disease , chronic ailments or poor nutrition. New projects using high throughput whole genome sequencing is beginning to elucidate MRSA revealing how bacteria tend to spread among patient and to continents (Harmon ,K 2000). Scientists would typically sample DNA sequence in six or seven genes across the whole MRSA genome (which contains some 3,000 genes ) . Subtle genetics changes  would often go undetected . More rapid whole genome sequencing however; enables researcher to see very descrete differences that occur on the lvel of single nucleotide changes . Why are these subtle changes so important and what do they mean for scientists , epidemiologists and the medical community as a whole ? . Well several years ago in the year 2012 mutations in infectious disease such as Pediculosis or whatis also known as the infamous Lice began mutating ; which became a stupifying problem for parents , teachers , school officials and the scientific and medical community because customary treatments for combating pediculosis where not therapeutic . Like wise subtle  genetic differences in staph infections (MRSA ) and other viruses , caused by  genetic mutations can cause a problem in treatment ,  or even death in frail adults , in immune compramised adults and  suseptable children because of immature immune system ;or in the very elderly.  One over arching differnce to not are that HAI and CAI develop in different settings Hospital Aquired infections are usually of a bacterial nature , and CAI or Community Aquired Infections are usually viruses such as Influenza .

References

CDC(2017) Emerging Infectious Disease . Retrived from http: ..www.cdc.gov

Harmon. K (2000) Sequencing Staph : New Genetic Analysis Tracks MRSA Mutations . Scientific America