Communicable Vs Non Communicable Disease : What are the Characteristics and Exposure Types

Poor environmental quality has its greatest impact on people whose  health status  is already at risk . In the year 2016 ; 1 in 2  U.S children and 1 in 2 U.S adults suffered from Asthma ( Healthy People 2020, 2018) . Asthma is an example of a Non communicable disease ,some of the other existing Non communicable diseases are as follows (1) Diabetis (2) Asthma (3) Cardiovascular Disease , and (4) COPD .  When these diseases are not well managed they can become Chronic disease and have a detrimental financial burden on the U.S economy .  The World Economic Forum estimates that future NCDs growth trends could cost the Global Economy 47 Trillion in cumulative losses through 2030 (Centers for Disease Control, 2018) . Still the characteristics of Communicable disease are very different and distinct then that of NCDs . One example is the Communicable disease Cholera . Cholera is a disease spread by drinking water and or consuming foods contaminated with the cholera bacteria .Sever cholera is characterized by large amounts of watery diarrhea, often described  as rice water stool because it can have a pale milky appearance ; it can also be accompanied by nausea and vomiting if untreated while NCDs are characterized by possessing genetic traits and develop over time, as well as nutritional states  rather than bacterial exposure  .. Role of NCD prevention and Control in Global Health Security state that by the year 2030 most of the worlds disease will be attributed to NCD while this means that communicable disease will see a decrease Chronic Health issues will be prevalent and costly to treat ( CDC.gov 2018). Exposure , nutrition and Sanitation have a major role in the prevention of Communicable disease . When contrasted with NCD we can assert that repeated exposure are an overarching problem in the management and treatment of NCDs . To date over 400,000 cases of cholera have been reported in such countries as Yemen and over 2,000 deaths reported since 2017  Factors that can be implemented in public health and International Public Health are Monitoring Life Styles , Building environments that support health and reducing exposure .

References
CDC(2018) Emerging Infectious Disease vol 23 . Centers for Disease Control Atlanta .

Healthy People 2020 (2018) Environmental Quality . Retrieved from http: //www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators/2020-Ihi-topics/Environmental -Quality  .   

Revisiting The Octet Rule

The Octet Rule refers to the tendency of Atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the Valence  Shell. When Atoms have fewer then eight electrons they tend to react and form more stable compounds ; when discussing the Octet Rule we do not consider D or F  electrons  . Only the S and P electrons are involved in the Octet Rule making it useful for main group electrons (elements not in transition -metal or inner transition metals block an Octet in these atoms correspond to an electron configuration ending with 82p6. Octet Rule characteristic are a stable arraignment which can also be corresponded by its own electrons and some electrons which are shared , thus an atom continues to form Bonds until an Octet of electrons is made .

An Example of this Rule .

The fulfillment of this rule can be observed in unstable electrons ; such as an electron constructed of 7 Valence, and another electron which also has 7 valence  . I they each shared the seventh electron co -valence would allow the fulfillment of the Octet Rule making them both stable .




F-OO-OO-OO-O
CI-OO-OO-OO-O
Notice that the last electron when shared by the atoms Chlorine and Florine produce the Octet Rule ; of course these electrons must surround both atoms to be appreciated nun the less stability is achieved through co-convalescence.of the seventh electron shared .

References
http://surfguppy.com/bonds/energy/octet-rule-electron-configuration/
       

New Dietary Guild lines and the Perfect Diet for Compliance A Prevention in Public Health .

One of the Governments most important responsibilities is to protect the health of the American Public ; today about half of all Americans adults about 117 million people have one or more preventable chronic disease (ODPHP ,2018). Many of these chronic diseases can be attributed to poor eating habits and physical inactivity.  In 2008 the medical costs linked to obesity were estimated  to be 147 billion and in 2002 the total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes was 245 billion including 176 billion in direct medical costs and 69 billion in decreased productivity . This issue has also been brought forth by the CDC and also by healthy people as well as Alzheimer's researchers , but most importantly by the folks at Rural Health and Vitality Institute ; why is this important ? because these folks analyze and observe health from an individual and community perspective and identify the factors within your own region and environment that might hinder health and well being . The new edition of the dietary Guidelines 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans is based on Scientific Evidence on nutrition and health informed by this report and by consideration of public and Federal Agency comments . The guidelines are as follows :

1-  Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan  .
2-Focus on variety , nutrient density and amount of food consumed
3-Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats
4-Shift to healthier food and beverages

The Mediterranean Diet has been proven to address  dietary needs related to many chronic diseases . It must be reiterated that for the past 26 years half of all adult population in the United States is over weight or obese (ODPHP,2018) is is very troubling to most Governmental agencies in public health ; in fact obesity is most prevalent in those ages 40 and older , in African Americans and of least prevalence in higher income population . Another fact that can be derived from the new guidelines is that abdominal obesity has been prevalent in about half of all U.S adults of all ages .In 2012 65% of all females and 73% of all Males were overweight ; and in 2009 to 2012 nearly one in three youths ages 2 to 19 were overweight . The Mediterranean diet consists of eating whole grain foods , vegetables and nuts . Another portion of the Mediterranean diet is olive oil and or sunflower oil . This eating pattern will reduce fat in the following ways it will it will counteract against building visceral fact which is abdominal fat and work to increase  its use as energy ; visceral fat is fat that leads to heart disease , Alzheimer disease and many other chronic illnesses .

References
ODPHP (2018) Healthy People 2020 . 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans       Retrieved from http"//www. healthy people .gov/2000/tools-resources/evidence-based-resources/2015-2020-dietary-guild lines-for-american

Mayo Clinic(2018) Mediterranean Diet "A  Heart Healthy Eating Plan . Retrieved from http://www. mayo clinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition -and healthy-eating in depth/Mediterranean Diet/art- 20047801

Revisiting Piaget and Freud to Promote Great Sexual Health

The latest CDC reports regarding sexual health are truly remarkable . Nearly 2.3 million cases of Chlamydia , Gonorrhea and Syphilis were diagnosed in the United States in 2017 according to preliminary data released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Sexual health is a primary physiological need ; when we make an appraisal of Mallows Hierarchy of needs sex is a primary need in the human being , right along with respiratory health , that s how important sexual contact is to the human being .  When we also revisit the principles stated in Piaget human development model which is primarily related to moral development we can assert that sexual health and decision making with regards to said sexual health are made during the ages of 12 and 21 . But by then is decisions are not appropriately made and disease infiltrates the sexual organ reproduction can be affected , therefor educating the pre teen is a big responsibility and here why ,  The numerical statistical data mentioned in the thesis statement surpassed the previous record set in 2016 by more than 200,000 cases and marked the forth consecutive year of sharp increase in these sexually transmitted diseases (STD) . Gonorrhea diagnosed increased 67% overall from 333, 004 cases according to preliminary  2017 data and nearly doubled among men from 169,130 to 322,169. Increase among women diagnosed and the speed with which they are increasing are also concerning (CDC.gov,2018) with cases up for the third year in a row from 197,499 to 232,587 .Primary and secondary Syphilis diagnosed increases 76% from 17,375 to 30,644. Gay ,bisexual and other men who have sex with men made up almost 70% of primary and secondary syphilis cases.   The threat of untreatable Gonorrhea persisted in the United States and reports of Antibiotic Resistant Gonorrhea abroad have only reinforced those concerns . We also revisit Sigmond Freud as reminder that sexual health begins at around the age of three there for we should do all we can to guide excellent sexual health by reinforcing behavior and not being alarmed when the child is curious about his or her reproductive organs ,in these instances the parent should seize the teachable moment and begin fomenting excellent sexual health thereby assuring good decision making as the child grows . It is also noteworthy that the psychi and drug addiction play a major role in the young adults risk factor because if under the influence of drugs poor decision making  may be related to the consumption of illicit drugs . Parents should have a clear understanding when planning a family of the child s path through life including excellent sexual health and reproduction , all human need sex just like they need essential life sustaining elements such as air , water , sleep and nutrition . This issue should be rigorously intervened in public health because of the nature of the rates and their sudden increase as to prevent an epidemic looming .

References
CDC(2018) New CDC Analysis Shows Steep and Sustained Increase in STD in Recent Years . Centers for Disease Control

NAS rates increase to Alarming Rates . Public Health Administration Crisis Intervention

Methadon a full Mu-Opined agonist is the recommended treatment for opined dependence during pregnancy . Prenatal exposure to methadone is associated with a neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) characterized by Central Nervous System Hyper irritability and Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction , which often requires medication (NIH,2018). CDC data related to Neonatal Abstinence Syndrom implies an increase in cases . NAS rates increased five fold since the year 2000 . As of the year 2012  there was an average of one infant born with NAS  every twenty five minutes in the United States  accounting for an estimated 1.5 billion in health care spending .

Dramatic increase in Maternal Opined use and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome is very troublesome because  of the nature of its clinical characteristics ; a syndrome is a group of symptoms which involves intense medical interventions . In addition in the year 2012 when rates were rising the tally for yearly increase where 21,732 , as it stands these rates are alarming with one infant with NAS born every 25 minutes ; a scathing amount; and deeply disturbing in Public Health  .Opioid dependence during pregnancy is compounded by multiple risk factors contributing to adverse maternal , neonatal and long term developmental consequences . Improved treatment options should reduce the public health and medical costs associated with the treatment of neonates exposed to opioid which in 2008 was estimated at 70.6 million  to 112.6 million in the United States alone . Among the developmental issues involved in NAS cases public health need to evaluate future issues related to Social and Behavioral health that of future populations , future work force , future mental health of said exposed population and the fruition of chronic health conditions . During the 1980's public health administration were baffled by similar issues and this is well documented in such publications as : The Future of Public Health , published by The Academies Press .  What will the future population be like? , what will their conduct be ?  , what will be their moral system ? . These are all questions that pose extreme concern ; as it stands public health are scrambling to find homes for infants and children who's parents suffer from addiction with an increase in foster care as well .

References

CDC(2018) Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome . Centers for Disease Control

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMua 1005859 New England Journal of Medicine

Hyperbaric Chamber Treatment in Burn Victims and the Diabetic Wound : Efficiency in its Delivery .

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) has been promoted as an effective treatment for diabetic foot wounds  , and the first controlled trial for this indication was reported in the 1960s (ADA,2018). HBOT reduces the risk of amputation with an odds ratio of 0.24 which are very good measure outcomes in Psychometric. The rational for indicating measures as being one involving Psychometric is because any treatment involving human maneuvering is measured as Psychometric.  In the seven studies performed using the Hyperbaric chamber which were published in the 1980s all tests were proven to aid in wound healing , including control trials pre study . But concerns related to cost efficiency were noted as being six hour treatments at a rate of 50,000 to health insurance and 200,000 to private pay . Hyperbaric Chamber Therapy is also useful in treating burn victims ,particularly those who have suffered from inhalation injury such as endobronchial debre , inhaled toxins , and chemical burns (Hart et al, 1985) .Brochial cast or acute endobronchial debris and exudate can cause obstruction of distal airways contributing to ventilation -perfusion mismatches and secondary infection ; in addition it a well known clinical fact that  smoke inhalation causes hemorrhages in small blood vessels  which is often not diagnosed in Emergency room departments when smoke inhalation victims are triashed .   The physiological process of inhalation injury is complex and involves a variable and often unpredictable degree of direct local thermal and chemical exposure reactive immune response , systemic effects of inhaled toxins ; accrual of endo trachial debres , and secondary infection . HBOT is a useful and  cost effective intervention with burn victims because of nutritional factors . To better understand this rational one would have to understand Cellular Respiration  and Boyles Law. . Cellular respiration involves the equation of a chemical process called   Covalence where atoms collide to elicit a chemical reaction, in the case of cellular respiration the atoms involved are O2 + C6 H2O 6 these are one oxygen and one glucose ; these atoms collide with CO2+ H20 + ATP or one Carbon Dioxide , one Oxygen , and one ATP or energy. The atoms co vales to form necessary states and enter into the cell with the assistance of the Mitochondria  Boyles Law states that at a constant temperature and at an atmospheric pressure of no more than 30 feet this covalence will not suffer any changes and thus tissue damage will not occur . Why is this important in the treatment of the diabetic patient and burn victim ? . Because the single most important factor in the success of the treatment are related to Nutritional status . This is true because ATP are micro molecules or glucose chains , and the burn victims sole issue in clinical practice are protein loss.  For this reason Nutritional stability need to be present in the individual being treated with the Hyperbaric Chamber as to permit convalece between the atoms , ATP and the mitochondria .

References

Lipski, B.A Berendt,A.B ( 2010) Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy for Diabetic Foot Wounds . American Diabetic Association . Retrieved from http://www.care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/5/1143

Hart,G.B ; Strauss , M.B ; Lemon,P.A & Daniel,D (1985) Treatment of Smoke Inhalation by Hyperbaric Oxygene . Journal of Emergency Medicine  vol 5 Issue 3     

Cost of Data Breeches :Past Present and Future in Public Health .

In the year 2014 the United States was rocked by several large data breaches ; when we appraise data breaches we take into consideration intent , motivation , target , and typology , Previously consumers rarely thought about the security on their credit or debit card ; but all that changed when Target stores reported that 400 million debit and credit card numbers had been stolen during the holiday shopping time in 2014 . This incident both rocked the United States and was a catalyst for cyber crimes analysis . In January of the year 2013 Neiman Marcus was hacked resulting in the breach of consumer information credit and debit card information ; this hack lasted until October of 2013 and was notably affected in store consumer purchase and not in online purchases .Originally the store estimated that at least 1.1 mullion cardholders were affected (Harde,K 2014) . In august of the year 2015 Community Health Systems reported that 4.5 million patient data had been hacked ina cyber attack that resulted in the breach of social security data , patient Identification , and other related data . CHS reported that this breach may have been unforeseen for up to five years .in filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission the Company said no credit card numbers were exposed (Forbes .com, 2016) . In another data breach incident involving E bay 145 million users  were compromised from data breaches and yet in another incident Equifax was also compromised when they lost  consumers social security data , birth dates , and addresses to a hacking incident including drivers license data of more than 145 million consumers of these 209,000 credit card data were exposed (Forbes.com, 2015) . Fortune Magazine also reported  that one of the biggest data thefts had taken place in a health corporation )Anthem) were the results of a nation wide investigation demonstrated that 78.8 million  patients data had been exposed to hacking resulting in the data breach of the Century ; costing the health care company over 100 million dollars in governmental fines .  This was a very big issue to those of use constructing Nursing Software , regulating Nurse vocabulary and compiling IT health care net works that both met the challenges of the recently implemented CMS HIT or Centers for Medicaid Health Information (EMR) System and New ICD 9 EMR at the time it seemed as though we were in a constant do over . Today reports from the Pokemon Institute are as follows : IBM Security , Hewlett Packard Security and Voltage have managed to lower the breach in financial and health data by implementing data systems that meet current challenges  to data security and cyber attacks . The way in which this was accomplished were by performing a thorough transnational study entitled : The 2017 cost of data breach study global overview in this study the cohort consisted of 419 companies researched for data breach and the participatory interventions resulted in a decrease  from 4.00 to 3.62 million the average cost for each lost or stolen record containing sensitive and confidential information . In the year 2016 there was also a decrease from 158 tp 141 million in expenditures of data breach interventions (Ponemon ,2018) Despite the decrease in cost for data loss there still remains an increase of 1.8% in data breaches . Public Health concerns in data breaches and cyber attack surveillance and prevention are guided towards securing Utilities Grid performance , Safety and in Administrative accountability ( Shi & Johnson,2017) combining public health systems and engineering  to secure public health .

References

Forbes(2018) Money Builder . Retrieved from http://www. forbes .com /sites /money  builder/2015/01/13 the-big -data -breaches -of2014/4/001eed1efe6

CSD (2018)The 17  biggest data breaches of the 21st century.Retrieved from http://www.csd online.com/watch?v=wllpg2RK1vc

Ponemon (2018)2017 Cost of Data Breach Study Global Overview . IBM Securities for the Ponemon Institute

Shi, L & Johnson, J.A(2016) Novick & Morrows Public Health Administration .Principles for Population Based Management . Bartlett Jones Publishing